RELATIONALITY ACROSS CULTURES
Relationality exists in various fields. It resides in the spaces between the parts in ourselves and outside of ourselves. The way we engage with others, with nature, with the more than human in our world, and within the systems of culture, politics, religion, education, judicial, financial, and health systems are spaces where relationality resides. In many Indigenous cultures, the term "kinship" expresses the relationality that extends beyond human connections, incorporating relationships with the land, animals, and spiritual entities.
Kinship, interdependence, and relationality are foundational concepts permeating various aspects of human societies. They shape social structures, cultural norms, and personal identities. These concepts, expressed through a diverse lexicon, capture the nuances and values of different cultures and people.
Different cultures have a way of expressing this multifaceted nature of human relationships. Let's explore some of these terms (I currently have 22 and researching on more that I am putting together in an ebook! 😊) and how they reflect and embody a profound sense of belonging and interdependence, emphasizing the inseparable relationship between people, their ancestral lands, and all beings.
RELATIONALITY ACROSS CULTURES: KAPWA
Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino psychology, encapsulates the interconnectedness and shared identity among Filipinos, transcending mere social interaction to embody a deeper, almost spiritual connection. This foundational principle, rooted in Philippine culture and values, emphasizes the intrinsic link between individuals, viewing them not as separate entities but as part of a collective identity. Kapwa is more than just a word; it is a lived experience that shapes the social fabric of Filipino communities, both within the Philippines and in the diaspora.
Mutual support, underpinned by Kapwa, manifests in various forms of bayanihan, or communal unity and cooperation. From physical acts of helping neighbors move their house to pooling resources for a community project, Kapwa is the driving force behind these collective efforts. It also finds expression in emotional and psychological support, where the joys and sorrows of one are felt by all. This sense of shared responsibility and mutual care is a testament to the power of Kapwa in fostering resilient communities that thrive on empathy, understanding, and a profound connection to one another.
RELATIONALITY ACROSS CULTURES: UBUNTU
The term "Ubuntu" originates from the Southern African region, specifically from the Nguni Bantu languages spoken in countries like South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Zambia. It embodies a deep philosophical concept that is integral to the way communities in these regions interact and view the world. Ubuntu translates to "I am because we are," or more loosely, "humanity towards others." It emphasizes the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity. This philosophy promotes the idea that our individual successes and wellbeing are deeply intertwined with those of the people around us. Ubuntu is more than a moral theory; it's a way of life that emphasise the communal nature of existence and the interconnectedness of all beings.
Kinship, under the lens of Ubuntu, transcends biological ties, encompassing a broader sense of belonging and community. It teaches that our relationships with others define us, and in this interconnectedness, one's humanity is recognized and affirmed through others. This perspective fosters a sense of extended family and community responsibility, where the well-being of the individual is inseparably linked to the well-being of the collective. In this way, Ubuntu encapsulates a profound understanding of kinship that is inclusive, embracing all with warmth and respect.
RELATIONALITY ACROSS CULTURES: WHANAUNGATANGA
The Māori practice of "Whanaungatanga" embodies the essence of relationality, mutual support, and shared humanity within Māori culture. Whanaungatanga is a foundational principle that highlights the importance of relationships and connections between individuals, families, and communities. It is more than just a concept; it is a way of life that underscores the interconnectedness of all people and emphasizes the responsibilities that come with these connections.
At its core, Whanaungatanga fosters a sense of belonging and unity, encouraging individuals to support one another and work together towards common goals. This practice is evident in various aspects of Māori life, from formal gatherings known as "hui" to everyday interactions. Through Whanaungatanga, the Māori people cultivate strong, supportive networks that not only provide practical assistance but also emotional and spiritual support. This principle teaches the value of collective well-being, suggesting that the success and health of the community are paramount and that individual achievements are celebrated as collective triumphs.
RELATIONALITY ACROSS CULTURES: AYNI
In South America, the Andean concept of "Ayni" represents a system of reciprocity and mutual aid that has been practiced among Quechua and Aymara communities for centuries. Ayni is a principle of cooperation and solidarity that obliges members of a community to help each other with agricultural work and other tasks. This practice ensures that no one in the community faces hardships alone and that there is a balance in giving and receiving help. Ayni strengthens community bonds and reinforces the understanding that individual well-being is tied to the well-being of the community and the natural world. Beyond agriculture, ayni extends to social ceremonies and rituals, where the exchange of gifts and services reinforces the interconnectedness of the community members and their environment.
Rooted deeply in the concept of reciprocity and mutual exchange, ayni is more than just a practice; it's a way of living that fosters community cohesion and harmony with nature. The philosophy of ayni teaches valuable lessons about sustainability, community, and the importance of balance in our lives. It encourages an attitude of gratitude and respect for what we receive by understanding the importance of giving back. At its core, ayni embodies the idea that giving and receiving are intertwined actions that balance the flow of energy and resources within a community and the natural world.
RELATIONALITY ACROSS CULTURES: KIZUNA
The Japanese concept of "kizuna" deeply resonates with the recognition of the importance of kinship, relationality, and interdependence. Kizuna can be translated as "bonds" or "connections," but like many Japanese terms, it carries a deeper, more nuanced meaning than its English counterparts. It speaks to the emotional and spiritual ties that link individuals to their families, friends, and community. These connections are not seen as mere social obligations but as profound, intrinsic threads that weave the social fabric of Japanese society, emphasizing unity, support, and mutual reliance.
Kizuna is celebrated and reinforced through various cultural practices and traditions, highlighting how relationships are nurtured and maintained. One such practice is the observance of seasonal festivals, or "matsuri," where communities come together to celebrate, reinforcing the bonds of kinship and shared cultural heritage. Additionally, the practice of "omoiyari" (empathy and consideration for others) is a related concept that underpins the social interactions within these communities, promoting a culture of understanding and mutual support.
RELATIONALITY ACROSS CULTURES: TEQUIO
Tequio refers to a traditional form of communal labor in indigenous Mexican communities, particularly among the Zapotec peoples. It is a practice where community members come together voluntarily to work on a project that benefits the community, such as building a school, repairing roads, or cleaning community spaces. This practice is not just about the physical act of working together; it embodies a deeper sense of social responsibility, cooperation, and mutual aid. Everyone contributes according to their ability, and through this collective effort, social bonds are strengthened, and the community's wellbeing is enhanced.
Tequio is a vivid embodiment of the value of relationality. This communal labor system is not just a way to complete projects or tasks; it is a living expression of interconnectedness and mutual reliance. This concept of relationality is deeply ingrained in the culture, emphasizing that relationships between people are not transactional or based on individual gain, but rather on mutual support, respect, and the shared responsibility for the collective good. It is a reflection of an ethos where the success and happiness of the community are paramount, and personal contributions towards this aim are both a social responsibility and a source of personal fulfillment.
RELATIONALITY ACROSS CULTURES: KOMŠILUK
In the cultural and social landscapes of the Balkans, particularly among Serbian and Croatian communities, the concept of "komšiluk" stands out as a profound reflection of relationality, kinship, and mutual support. Komšiluk transcends the mere notion of neighborliness. It embodies a rich tradition of communal solidarity, cooperation, and emotional bonds that knit together the lives of individuals residing in close proximity, whether in rural villages or urban neighborhoods.
This practice is characterized by various forms of mutual assistance, encompassing everyday gestures of goodwill, sharing of food and resources, and standing by one another during times of celebration as well as hardship. The essence of komšiluk is rooted in a collective understanding that neighbors are not just spatially close; they are an extended family, a support network that ensures no one is left to face life’s challenges alone. This sense of communal responsibility and interconnectedness highlights a cultural value system that prioritizes social cohesion and collective well-being over individualism.
RELATIONALITY ACROSS CULTURES: GUANXI
One significant term within Chinese culture that embodies the concepts of relationality, mutual support, and kinship is "guanxi" (关系). Guanxi plays a crucial role in Chinese social and business life, describing a network of relationships among individuals who cooperate, support, and exert influence for mutual benefit. This concept extends beyond mere friendship or acquaintance, incorporating elements of trust, reciprocal obligations, and an understanding that one's reputation and social standing are influenced by their relationships with others.
Guanxi is deeply rooted in Confucianism, which emphasizes moral integrity, respect for hierarchy, and the importance of maintaining harmonious relationships. In practice, guanxi can determine the success of business ventures, facilitate career advancements, and provide social support in times of need. It's not simply about what you know, but who you know and the quality of those relationships. The maintenance of guanxi requires continuous effort and mutual respect, often involving the exchange of favors, gifts, or the hosting of banquets to strengthen bonds.
RELATIONALITY ACROSS CULTURES: LAGOM
Another practice is the Scandinavian concept of "Lagom" from Sweden, which doesn't have a direct counterpart in English but loosely translates to "just the right amount" or "in moderation." Lagom embodies the idea of balance and collective responsibility, promoting a lifestyle that is sustainable, egalitarian, and harmonious within society. It suggests not taking more than one needs and considering the well-being of the community in personal actions.
This concept is not about seeking perfection but finding a harmonious balance that optimally satisfies a person's needs and desires without going to excesses. Lagom influences various aspects of Scandinavian life, from work-life balance and environmental sustainability to interior design and personal well-being. In the workplace, it encourages a balanced approach to productivity and leisure, promoting the idea that rest and recuperation are essential for long-term efficiency and happiness. This is reflected in the importance placed on generous vacation allowances and parental leave policies in the region. In terms of environmental sustainability, lagom inspires individuals and communities to consume responsibly, reducing waste and prioritizing eco-friendly choices to achieve a sustainable lifestyle that can be maintained by the planet.
RELATIONALITY ACROSS CULTURES: 정 (JEONG)
In Korean culture, the concept of "정" (jeong) deeply encapsulates the sentiments of kinship, communal support, and relationality. It is is often translated into English as meaning “affection,” “attachment,” “love,” or “intimacy.'' Jeong is a complex and multifaceted emotion that is hard to translate directly as it encompasses feelings of affection, compassion, and empathy that are developed over time among people. It's not limited to family members; jeong can be felt between friends, colleagues, and even within communities or between strangers who share a significant moment or connection. It can also be found with objects and places where you create fond memories and attachment with.
Jeong drives the strong communal bonds and the willingness to support one another, often seen in how communities come together during times of celebration or crisis. This concept also underlies many social interactions and behaviors in Korea, emphasizing the importance of maintaining harmonious relationships and collective well-being over individual desires. It suggests a societal framework where connections are nurtured with genuine care and empathy, reinforcing the collective identity and social cohesion among Koreans.
RELATIONALITY ACROSS CULTURES: OSOTUA
The Maasai, an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting parts of Kenya and Tanzania, practice a unique and deeply rooted tradition known as "Osotua." This term, which translates to "the umbilical cord" in the Maa language, symbolizes the vital connection and the deep, reciprocal relationship between individuals within the Maasai community, as well as their relationship with the natural world. Osotua is fundamental to understanding the Maasai's way of life, emphasizing peace, mutual assistance, and respect for all living beings.
Osotua describes relationality, in the form of kinship, sharing, symbiosis, and accountability. It carries the profound meaning of peace, friendship, and a deep bond. However, its significance extends far beyond these simple translations. Osotua embodies a traditional concept of mutual assistance, reciprocity, and an unbreakable spiritual connection between individuals. It operates on the principle of sharing and mutual aid, particularly in times of need. For the Maasai, wealth is not measured solely by the accumulation of personal assets but rather by the strength of one's relationships and the ability to support others within the community. This is evident in their practices of cattle sharing and lending, which are central to their pastoralist lifestyle.
Osotua extends beyond the human community to include a respectful and sustainable relationship with the land and its resources. The Maasai's semi-nomadic lifestyle is guided by this principle, as they move their herds to allow grasslands to regenerate, demonstrating their understanding of ecological balance and sustainability. This deep-seated respect for the environment underscores the holistic nature of Osotua, encompassing not just social solidarity but also an enduring commitment to the natural world.
Curious to know more?
Here are other posts that I wrote on relationality:
P.S. Gathering these gave me such a deep sense of appreciation and gratitude. We are relational beings and we can deeply see, hear, feel that in our identities, practices, cultures - our ways of being.
How was this experience for you?
Do you have practices or terms in your culture that talks about relationality? Please do share them with me so I can add them in the ebook!
Hiraya manawari,
Lana